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sweat glands on a woman that are specialized for the production of milk. matter anything that takes up space and has mass. meiosis a reduction division, producing daughter cells that contain half the genetic information of the parent cell. melatonin a hormone that helps regulate the biological clock (sleep-wake cycles). credit pacific service union

metabolism

the breakdown of substances, the formation of new products, or the transferring of energy from one substance to another. microtubules protein fibers made of the protein tubulin and provide support and mobility for cellular activities found in the spindle apparatus. mitochondria carry out aerobic respiration. mitosis a process of cell division in which the nucleus is divided so that both daughter cells are genetically identical. credit first service union

molecules

atoms chemically bound together. monosaccharide the simplest kind of carbohydrate consisting of a single sugar molecule. motor neurons transmit impulses from the central nervous system to effectors (muscles or glands). muscle tissues consist of skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle. muscular system consists of skeletal muscles and their associated connective tissues. It does not include cardiac muscle or smooth muscle. card credit mobile service

negative feedback

a sensing mechanism detects a change in conditions beyond specific limits. A control center evaluates the change and activates the change and activates a second mechanism to correct the condition. The variant condition is canceled, or negated, so that conditions are returned to normal. card credit discover service

nephrons

filtering units that number over a million in the kidneys. nerve a bundle of nerve fibers in the peripheral nervous system held together with connective tissue. nervous system consists of two parts: the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. nervous tissue tissue that consists of two kinds of nerve cells, neurons and neuroglia. credit public service union

neuroglia

cells that support and protect neurons. neuron a cell that transmits nerve impulses. neurophysiology the study of how the nervous system functions. neutrons the neutral charge in the nucleus of an atom. nuclear division divides the genetic material in the nucleus. nuclei clusters of cell bodies in the central nervous system. card credit processing service

nucleus

the part of the cell that contains DNA, the hereditary information of the cell. olfactory sense sense of smell. oogenesis consists of the meiotic cell divisions that lead to the production of ova (eggs) in females. organ a group of different kinds of tissues working together to perform a particular activity. organelles bodies within the cytoplasm that serve to physically separate the various metabolic reactions that occur within cells. center credit service union

organic compounds

compounds that have carbon atoms. organism a system possessing the characteristics of living things - the ability to obtain and process energy, the ability to respond to environmental changes, and the ability to reproduce. osmosis the diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane. parasympathetic nervous system activates tranquil functions, such as stimulating the secretion of saliva or digestive enzymes into the stomach. card credit service wireless

passive transport

the movement of substances from regions of higher to lower concentration and do not require expenditure of energy. peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of nerves outside the central nervous system. peristalsis the major means of propulsion in moving food along the digestive tract. Consists of a series of alternating contractions and relaxations of smooth muscle that lines the walls of the digestive organs and that forces food to move forward. credit security service union

phagocytes

white blood cells that wander throughout the body attacking bacteria and other foreign invaders. physiology the study of the function of body parts and the body as a whole. plasma (cell) membrane separates internal metabolic events from the external environment and controls the movement of materials into and out of the cell. It bounds the cell and encloses the nucleus and cytoplasm. credit report service

plasma

straw-colored, liquid portion of the blood, which consists of water, proteins, waste products, nutrients, electrolytes, and respiratory gases. platelets (thrombocytes) fragments of huge cells that adhere to damaged blood vessel walls and release enzymes that activate the stoppage of bleeding. polysaccharide a carbohydrate that is a series of connected monosaccharides. blogspot com christian

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an action intensifies a condition so that it is driven farther beyond normal limits. primary sex organs (gonads) secrete hormones that produces gametes. process of sight involves converting light energy into chemical energy. proteins represent a class of molecules that have varied functions. Eggs, muscles, antibodies, silk, fingernails, and many hormones are partially or entirely proteins. christian counseling credit

protons

the positive charge in the nucleus of an atom. pulmonary circulation deoxygenated blood travels from the right side of the heart to each of the two lungs. Within the lungs O₂ enters and CO₂ leaves so that oxygenated blood returns from the lungs to the left side of the heart. pupil the circular opening of the eye. The size of the pupil is controlled by the iris. The size of the pupil regulates the amount of light entering the eye and helps bring objects into focus. credit federal service union

receptor

a sensing mechanism. receptor proteins provide binding sites for hormones or other trigger molecules. red blood cells (erythrocytes or RBCs) transport oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood. remodeling the process of creating new bone and removing old bone. reproduction the production of eggs and sperm and the processes leading to fertilization. credit monitoring service

respiratory system

delivers air to the lungs. retina the inner nervous tunic of the eye that absorbs light in the pigmented epithelium and stores vitamin A by use of photoreceptor cells. Rh blood group This is a complex group defined by the antigens produced by three different genes. The Rh factor determines positive or negative blood. right atrium located in the upper right side of the heart, along with the right auricle, acts as a temporary storage chamber so that blood will be readily available for the right ventricle. credit division service

right ventricle

the pumping chamber of the heart for pulmonary circulation. RNA (ribonucleic acid) takes genetic instructions from DNA and directs various metabolic activities of the cell. rods photoreceptors that are most sensitive to light and more numerous than cones. The provide vision in dim light and are more capable of detecting movement. sagittal planes divide the body or organ vertically into a right and left part. card credit online service

sensory neurons

transmit impulses from skin and other sensory organ or from various places within the body to the central nervous system. skeletal muscle attaches to bones and causes movements of the body; also known as striated muscle or voluntary muscle. skeletal system bones, cartilage, and the membranes that line the bones. smooth muscle lines the walls of hollow organs. consumer counseling credit inc

somatic nervous system (SNS)

directs the contraction of skeletal muscles. spermatogenesis the development of a spermatid into mature sperm cells. spinal cord an extension of the brain stem that functions to transmit nerve impulses and spinal reflexes. spleen the largest lymphatic organ and is located on the left side of the body between the diaphragm and stomach. It filters the blood, destroys old red blood cells, provides a reservoir of blood, is active in immune responses, and produces blood cells. card credit fleet service

spongy bone

consists of thin, irregularly shaped plates arranged in a latticelike network. steroids are characterized by a backbone of four linked carbon rings. Examples of steroids include cholesterol and certain hormones, including testosterone and estrogen. stroke volume (SV) the volume of blood ejected by each ventricle during a single contraction. card consolidation credit

sympathetic nervous system

involved in the stimulation of activities that prepare the body for action, such as increasing the heart rate. synapse (synaptic cleft) a gap that separates the neuron from a muscle cell or another neuron. systemic circulation oxygenated blood travels from the left side of the heart to the various areas of the body. Gas, nutrient, and waste exchange occurs across the capillary walls into the surrounding cells. The deoxygenated blood returns to the right side of the heart. credit free online report

systole

a contraction event of either the atria or ventricles. tissue a group of similar cells performing a common function. urinary system helps maintain homeostasis by regulating water balance and by removing harmful substances from the blood. veins carry blood toward the heart. ventricles the two lower chambers of the heart that serve as the pumping machines. credit federal first service

vesicles

small, spherically shaped sacs that bud from the ends of a Golgi apparatus. white blood cells (WBCs) protect the body from foreign microbes and toxins. zygote the fusing of an egg and a sperm. consumer credit service

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Email AIM Resources Tools Resources A major difference between an Advanced Placement Program (AP) biology course and a regular high school biology course is the emphasis on detail. One of the areas of

Yes, I d do it. I d consider it, but I understand the risks. Not at all. View Results Sponsored by Email AIM center credit family service

AP Biology Exam Focus: Evolution

A major difference between an Advanced Placement Program (AP) biology course and a regular high school biology course is the emphasis on detail. One of the areas of concentration that could appear on an AP biology exam is evolution and related processes, such as mutation, natural selection, and genetic drift. credit reporting service

In general, evolution (or organismic evolution) is about changes in populations, species, or groups of species. More specifically, evolution occurs because populations vary by the frequency of heritable traits that appear from one generation to the next. These traits are represented by alleles for genes that modify morphology (form or structure), physiology, or behavior. Thus, evolution is changes in allele frequencies over time. cca credit division service

Evidence for evolution is provided by the following five scientific disciplines: credit free report service

• Paleontology provides fossils that reveal the prehistoric existence of extinct species. As a result, changes in species and the formation of new species can be studied. card credit customer discover

• Fossil deposits are often found among sediment layers, where the deepest fossils represent the oldest specimens. For example, fossil oysters removed from successive layers of sediment show gradual changes in the size of the oyster shell alternating with rapid changes in shell size. Large, rapid changes produced new species. credit repair report service

Biogeography uses geography to describe the distribution of species. This information has revealed that unrelated species in different regions of the world look alike when found in similar environments. This provides strong evidence for the role of natural selection in evolution. credit legal repair service

Rabbits did not exist in Australia until introduced by humans. A native Australian wallaby resembles a rabbit both in structure and habit. As similar as these two animals appear, they are not that closely related. The rabbit is a placental mammal, while the wallaby is a marsupial mammal. The fetus of a placental mammal develops in the female uterus, obtaining nourishment from the mother through the placenta. The fetus of a marsupial leaves the mother s uterus at an early stage of development and completes the remaining development while attached to a teat in the abdominal pouch. The great similarity of the rabbit and the wallaby is the result of natural selection. cic credit monitoring service

Embryology reveals similar stages in development (ontogeny) among related species. The similarities help establish evolutionary relationships (phylogeny). ccs credit division service

• Gill slits and tails are found in fish, chicken, pig, and human embryos. credit service union worker

• Comparative anatomy describes two kinds of structures that contribute to the identification of evolutionary relationships among species. 1st credit service union

Homologous structures are body parts that resemble one another in different species because they have evolved from a common ancestor. Because anatomy may be modified for survival in specific environments, homologous structures may look different, but will resemble one another in pattern (how they are put together). The forelimbs of cats, bats, whales, and humans are homologous because they have all evolved from a common ancestral mammal. card chase credit customer

Analogous structures are body parts that resemble one another in different species, not because they have evolved from a common ancestor, but because they evolved independently as adaptations to their environments. The fins and body shapes of sharks, penguins, and porpoises are analogous because they are adaptations to swimming. card chase credit service

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