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Credit Pacific Service Union Hiding in cool coastal mountain streams from California's Mendocino County north to Canada are odd amphibians that have survived since the days of the dinosaurs -- but are so sensitive they'll die in the heat of a human hand. Scientists view amphibians as indicator species to gauge the health of forests and watersheds.

Credit First Service Union Tailed frogs and torrent salamanders can't stand temperatures above 85 degrees. Imagine what a forest fire does to their habitat.

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Card Credit Mobile Service When people think of raging wildfires, they worry about Bambi, not Kermit. Amphibians, after all, live in or near water or in moist, protected areas.

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Card Credit Discover Service What's unhealthy for frogs and salamanders in upstream headwaters can be deadly to protected wild salmon downstream that drive much of the West Coast's forest management debate. Because of a complex life cycle that requires them to return to mountain rivers and streams to spawn, salmon can be among the hardest-hit by habitat disruptions.

Credit Public Service Union It's only in recent years that scientists have begun to study the effects of fire, as well as a human activity -- intensive logging -- that can artificially create many of the same conditions. Fires spew ash; loggers often spread herbicides. Both can choke streams through erosion, and both can strip away shade trees and heat once-cool waterways to parboil.

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Card Credit Processing Service ``Imagine an egg poaching, and you kind of get the image,'' said Hartwell Welsh, a herpetologist at the U.S. Forest Service's Pacific Southwest Research Station in Arcata.

Center Credit Service Union The studies have taken on new urgency, most recently rekindled by the fires sweeping Southern California, as the nation tries to reverse decades of a blanket policy of suppressing virtually all wildfires.

Card Credit Service Wireless That Smokey Bear approach perversely allowed forests to grow thick with tinder fuels. Though they passionately battle over the details, environmentalists, timber companies and scientists now agree the answer is some form of forest thinning by cutting or burning choking underbrush and small trees that can carry fires into the canopies of mature forests, with catastrophic results.

Credit Security Service Union The question scientists are attempting to answer is at what point the cure becomes worse than the disease.

Credit Report Service ``It's a real tradeoff,'' said Welsh. ``How can we manage these forests in a friendlier way and still get the job done? Because it's pretty clear we have to get the job done.''

Blogspot Com Christian Welsh is a leading stream amphibian researcher who last year began studying wildfire's effects on terrestrial amphibians in northwest California's Cascade mountains.

Christian Counseling Credit West Coast amphibians and salmon alike evolved in a region riven with periodic wildfires, noted R. Bruce Bury, a zoologist with the U.S. Geological Survey's Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center in Oregon. Yet removing the forest canopy through either fire or logging can raise crucial water temperatures for 15 years.

Credit Federal Service Union Researchers have found no one-size-fits-all answers. Some amphibian populations thrive or even depend on periodic infusions of ash or fires to open up their habitat, while others suffer.

Credit Monitoring Service For instance, suppressing fires and cattle grazing in northwestern California means fewer flooded open meadows, contributing to the disappearance of the Cascade's frog, according to a research overview by Bury and others. And there was less cannibalism among California rough-skin newts who found more prey after a wildfire.

Credit Division Service Even in the rare instances where fires wipe out isolated populations of fish or frogs, most often the areas are quickly repopulated through migration. The danger is that nonnative species can fill that vacuum, or that man has fragmented so much habitat that populations can't regenerate, Geological Survey scientist Robert Gresswell said.

Card Credit Online Service Some wildfires, fed by years of accumulated fuel, are so intense they cook and sterilize the soil, leaving it barren for decades.

Consumer Counseling Credit Inc Ironically, the same effects can come from logging, firefighting and fire prevention efforts. Clear-cutting can require 50 to 60 years for the forest to recover the microsystems amphibians need to survive.

Card Credit Fleet Service Similarly, firefighters ``go in like we're fighting terrorists -- like it's a war zone,'' with bulldozers scraping to the barren subsoil to create fire lines, Welsh said. ``With that kind of approach, concerns like salamanders and amphibians go out the window.''

Card Consolidation Credit As the amphibians go, so go the salmon.

Credit Free Online Report Western wildfires usually occur in the hot, dry summers, when even terrestrial amphibians are safely tucked away in streams or moist hideouts. But managed fires, or prescribed burns, are most often in the wetter spring or fall -- just when amphibians are most vulnerable.

Credit Federal First Service Mechanical thinning is least destructive, researchers found, so long as at least 70 percent of the forest canopy remains, enough to preserve the cool temperatures and humidity amphibians need.

Consumer Credit Service Unlike wildfires, state and federal regulators can require that logging or thinning be kept far enough away from wetland areas. But California regulations require minimal buffers for smaller headwaters where amphibians thrive but which are too small for protected salmon.

Center Credit Family Service ``If you mess up the headwaters, it rapidly unravels downstream, which is going to affect the fish and rapidly drive them out,'' Welsh said.

Credit Reporting Service ``The regulations haven't caught up with the science,'' said Welsh, who said he was speaking as a scientist and not stating Forest Service policy. ``The timber guys will tell you our (California) regulations are the toughest in the world. That's pretty scary: If ours are the best, then I can just imagine what it's like everywhere else, because it's not a pretty picture.''

Cca Credit Division Service Former California Board of Forestry chair Carlton Yee agreed broader buffers may be needed in the uppermost headwaters, but said lower fish-bearing streams have so much protection it is making logging uncompetitive with other states and nations. Yee, now a forestry consultant, is a professor emeritus in forestry at Humboldt State University.

Credit Free Report Service Yee and the timber industry cite studies showing logging has minimal effect on erosion, water temperatures, or salmon populations.

Card Credit Customer Discover ``If I had to choose which is going to cause the most damage,'' said California Forestry Association Vice President Phil Aune, ``I'd choose catastrophic wildfire, because that's going to cause huge, huge erosion into the streams.''

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Credit Legal Repair Service On the Net:

Cic Credit Monitoring Service http://fresc.usgs.gov/products/fire/index.html

Ccs Credit Division Service http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/boise/teams/fisheries/fire/workshop(undersco re)paper s.htm

Credit Service Union Worker http://www.foresthealth.org

1st Credit Service Union Associated Press - 11/10/2003

Topic: Biodiversity

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