Credit Pacific Service Union For farmers struggling to make a living with corn and soybeans, a new cash crop may be on the horizon: carbon. Although it can't be used to feed animals or make vegetable oil, "farming" carbon could provide extra income for farmers and provide significant environmental benefits.
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Credit First Service Union A $15 million project being carried out by 10 universities in the Midwest has the goal of encouraging farmers to use methods, including "no-till" farming, that keep carbon in the soil rather than releasing it to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide gas. Carbon dioxide is one of the greenhouse gases considered a culprit in global warming.
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Card Credit Mobile Service Widespread carbon "sequestration" by farmers could reduce the expected increase in carbon dioxide emissions by 20 percent per year, according to leaders of the project, called CASMGS (Consortium for Agricultural Soils Mitigation of Greenhouse Gases).
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Card Credit Discover Service And many agricultural experts expect that a private market will develop in "carbon credits," meaning farmers who sequester carbon could sell their credits to industrial companies that emit high levels of the gas. This could be done now on a voluntary basis to help companies "green" their image. If Congress or state legislatures pass carbon caps, the credits could be sold to corporations that are above the legal limit. A similar market in sulfur dioxide credits already exists.
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Credit Public Service Union Estimates vary on how lucrative the credits would actually be and how soon a private market for carbon credits might develop. CASMGS leaders say the value of credits could be anywhere from $4 to $30 an acre.
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Card Credit Processing Service "There are a lot of questions about how this would proceed, like, 'What is the value of carbon? What would the length of the contracts be? What happens if it doesn't work out for the farmer? Could they get out of their contract?' " said CASMGS director Charles Rice, a professor of soil microbiology at Kansas State University.
Center Credit Service Union Other methods of reducing carbon dioxide emissions, including increasing efficiency in automobiles and industry and developing cleaner energy sources, such as solar and wind, have been discussed more widely than agricultural sequestration. But the possibilities of no-till agriculture are becoming more widely recognized.
Card Credit Service Wireless "Unless the government puts hard caps on CO2, it won't be a hard market," said John Kimble, a USDA research scientist who has been working on carbon sequestration techniques for several years. "If they do, the market will develop. It's already something that's starting to happen at the state level."
Credit Security Service Union In the more immediate future, farmers may benefit from government incentives for carbon sequestration and practices, such as no-till, that trap carbon. Carbon sequestration has been discussed as one of the conservation credits offered under the recently passed farm bill, according to Bill Richards, a farmer for almost 50 years and head of the soil conservation service under President George H.W. Bush.
Credit Report Service "Carbon sequestration not only takes carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere, but it increases the fertility of the soil," Richards said. "It's a win-win situation."
Blogspot Com Christian Carbon sequestration means delaying the decomposition of the organic matter left over from crops after the harvest. As plants grow, they take carbon dioxide from the air, use the carbon to form their organic tissue and release the oxygen into the atmosphere -- the process known as photosynthesis.
Christian Counseling Credit When the plants die, their woody and leafy material containing the carbon lie in the soil. As these tissues decompose, or break down through microbial activity, the carbon combines with oxygen from the air and forms carbon dioxide gas. The practice of tilling, which was started with wooden plows in the early 1800s and is carried out with high-tech plowing machinery today, vastly hastens decomposition, because it turns over and aerates the soil, stimulating microbial activity. Although some might think tilling is a necessary step in planting new crops, crops can be planted amidst the residue of last year's harvest.
Credit Federal Service Union No-till farming has other benefits for the farmer. It increases the overall health of the soil, reducing water runoff and increasing the retention of nutrients. It also tends to increase the overall yield of the crop. And it costs less, because the farmers save on tractor usage, fuel and hours of labor.
Credit Monitoring Service No-till farming is not uncommon; 17.5 percent of the country's total farmland is no-till, according to a January report by the group Conservation for Agriculture's Future (Core 4), for a total of about 51 million acres. No-till is most common after a crop such as soybeans, which leaves relatively little residue. It is less common after a crop such as corn, which leaves long stalks and other heavy residue behind.
Credit Division Service In the Midwest, corn and soybeans are usually alternated on the same field. There was significant growth in the practice of no-till farming in the early '90s, according to Core 4, with the practice leveling off in the past few years.
Card Credit Online Service "When I was doing no-till in the 1980s, my neighbors thought I was crazy," said John Haas, a Kansas farmer who grows corn, soybeans, sorghum, wheat and other crops on his 4,600 acres. "But they saw I was producing good crops, so more people started getting interested in it."
Consumer Counseling Credit Inc There are drawbacks to the process. Instituting no-till farming often requires the purchase of expensive new equipment, such as no-till planting machines that replace traditional plows. And no-till fields frequently require more pesticide, because the organic material left on the ground is a haven for pests. Part of the CASMGS project is outreach to farmers, convincing them that the drawbacks to using no-till for carbon sequestration are worth the environmental and economic benefits.
Card Credit Fleet Service "You have a greater chance of succeeding with pushing environmental practices where you have an economic benefit like the carbon credits," said Purdue associate professor Sylvie M. Brouder, who is heading the outreach part of the CASMGS project for the Corn Belt. "Even small payments can act as an incentive for farmers to take a risk."
Card Consolidation Credit While industry is responsible for the majority of carbon dioxide emissions, scientists involved with CASMGS say widespread adoption of carbon sequestration would have a concrete effect on greenhouse gases.
Credit Free Online Report "We're trying to offset the increase that's happening every year," said Ron F. Turco, director of the Environmental Sciences and Engineering Institute at Purdue. Turco said that the total carbon content of the country's soil has been reduced by about 50 percent since the advent of plowing, but that widespread carbon sequestration practices by U.S. farmers could restore the original level of carbon within 40 years.
Credit Federal First Service "We're looking at anywhere from 75 million to 200 million metric tons of carbon that could be sequestered each year," he said. "This isn't going to solve all of the greenhouse gas issues, but this can be a stopgap in the increasing emissions for 30 or 40 years until better technologies come along."
Consumer Credit Service By Kari Lydersen
Washington Post - 8/26/2002
Topic: Climate Change
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