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Antibiotics and their uses, types, and side effects

What is an Antibiotic
An antibiotic is a drug that kills or slows the growth of bacteria. Antibiotics are one class of antimicrobials, a larger group which also includes anti-viral, anti-fungal, and anti-parasitic drugs. Antibiotics are chemicals produced by or derived from microorganisms (i.e. bugs or germs such as bacteria and fungi). The first antibiotic was discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928 in a significant breakthrough for medical science. Antibiotics are among the most frequently prescribed medications in modern medicine.

Credit Pacific Service Union Some antibiotics are 'bactericidal', meaning that they work by killing bacteria. Other antibiotics are 'bacteriostatic', meaning that they work by stopping bacteria multiplying.

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Credit First Service Union Each different type of antibiotic affects different bacteria in different ways. For example, an antibiotic might inhibit a bacterium's ability to turn glucose into energy, or its ability to construct its cell wall. When this happens, the bacterium dies instead of reproducing.

See significance of symptoms after treatment with antibiotics if you need information to help you answer the questions below. Are you taking an antibiotic, but your symptoms are not following the expected course A change in medication or a change in the dose may be needed. An appointment may not be necessary. Do you have a rash or other side effects, such as diarrhea or nausea, after taking an antibiotic

Card Credit Mobile Service Some antibiotics can be used to treat a wide range of infections and are known as 'broad-spectrum' antibiotics. Others are only effective against a few types of bacteria and are called 'narrow-spectrum' antibiotics.

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Card Credit Discover Service Side effects of antibiotics
Antibiotics can literally save lives and are effective in treating illnesses caused by bacterial infections. However, like all drugs, they have the potential to cause unwanted side effects. Many of these side effects are not dangerous, although they can make life miserable while the drug is being taken.

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Credit Public Service Union In general, antibiotics rarely cause serious side effects. The most common side effects from antibiotics are diarrhea, nausea, vomiting. Fungal infections of the mouth, digestive tract and vagina can also occur with antibiotics because they destroy the protective 'good' bacteria in the body (which help prevent overgrowth of any one organism), as well as the 'bad' ones, responsible for the infection being treated.

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Card Credit Processing Service Some people are allergic to antibiotics, particularly penicillins. Allergic reactions cause swelling of the face, itching and a skin rash and, in severe cases, breathing difficulties. Allergic reactions require prompt treatment.

Center Credit Service Union Types of antibiotics
There are many different kinds of antibiotics. The type of antibiotics you take depends on the type of infection you have and what kind of antibiotics are known to be effective.

Card Credit Service Wireless The main classes of antibiotics:


  • Aminoglycosides

  • Cephalosporins

  • Fluoroquinolones

  • Macrolides

  • Penicillins

  • Tetracyclines

Credit Security Service Union Macrolides
There are a couple of new relatives of erythromycin (azithromycin and clarithromycin) that work the same way, but kill more bugs and have slightly fewer side effects. The erythromycin-like antibiotics are also known as macrolides. Macrolides belong to the polyketide class of natural products. Macrolide antibiotics are used to treat respiratory tract infections, genital, gastrointestinal tract, soft tissue infections caused by susceptible strains of specific bacteria.

Credit Report Service Macrolides bind with ribosomes from susceptible bacteria to prevent protein production. This action is mainly bacteriostatic, but can also be bactericidal in high concentrations.

Blogspot Com Christian Macrolides cause very little allergy problems compared to the penicillins and cephalosporins, the biggest concern with these medicines is that they can irritate the stomach.

Christian Counseling Credit The most commonly-prescribed macrolides:


  • erythromycin

  • clarithromycin

  • azithromycin

  • roxithromycin

Credit Federal Service Union Aminoglycosides
Aminoglycoside antibiotics are used to treat infections caused by gram-negative bacteria. Aminoglycosides may be used along with penicillins or cephalosporins to give a two-pronged attack on the bacteria. Aminoglycosides work quite well, but bacteria can become resistant to them. Since aminoglycosides are broken down easily in the stomach, they can't be given by mouth and must be injected. When injected, their side effects include possible damage to the ears and to the kidneys. This can be minimized by checking the amount of the drug in the blood and adjusting the dose so that there is enough drug to kill bacteria but not too much of it. Generally, aminoglycosides are given for short time periods.

Credit Monitoring Service The aminoglycosides are drugs which stop bacteria from making proteins. This effect is bactericidal.

Credit Division Service The most commonly-prescribed aminoglycosides:


  • amikacin

  • gentamicin

  • kanamycin

  • neomycin

  • streptomycin

  • tobramycin

Card Credit Online Service Cephalosporins
Cephalosporins are grouped into "generations" by their antimicrobial properties. Cephalosporins are categorized chronically, and are therefore divided into first, second, and third generations. Currently, three generations of cephalosporins are recognized and a fourth has been proposed. Each newer generation of cephalosporins has greater gram negative antimicrobial properties than the preceding generation. The later-generation cephalosporins have greater effect against resistant bacteria.

Consumer Counseling Credit Inc Cephalosporins are used to treat pneumonia, strep throat, staph infections, tonsillitis, bronchitis, otitis media, various types of skin infections, gonorrhea. Cephalosporin antibiotics are also commonly used for surgical prophylaxis. Cephalosporins are closely related to the penicillins.

Card Credit Fleet Service Cephalosporins have a bacteriocidal effect by inhibiting the synthesis of the bacteria cell wall.

Card Consolidation Credit The most commonly-prescribed cephalosporins:


  • First generation


    • cephazolin

    • cefadroxil

    • cephalexin

    • cephradine


  • Second generation


    • cefaclor

    • cefuroxime

    • cefprozil

    • loracarbef


  • Third generation


    • cefotaxime

    • cefixime

    • cefpodoxime

    • ceftazidime

    • cefdinir


  • Fourth generation


    • cefepime

    • cefpirome



Fluoroquinolones
Fluoroquinolones are known as broad-spectrum antibiotics, meaning they are effective against many bacteria. Fluoroquinolones are used to treat most common urinary tract infections, skin infections, and respiratory infections (such as sinusitis, pneumonia, bronchitis). Common side effects of fluoroquinolones include mainly the digestive system: mild stomach pain or upset, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. These are usually mild and go away over time. Fluoroquinolones should not be given during pregnancy.

Credit Free Online Report Fluoroquinolones inhibit bacteria by interfering with their ability to make DNA. This activity makes it difficult for bacteria to multiply. This effect is bacteriocidal.

Credit Federal First Service The most commonly-prescribed fluoroquinolones:


  • ciprofloxacin

  • gatifloxacin

  • gemifloxacin

  • levofloxacin

  • moxifloxacin

  • norfloxacin

  • ofloxacin

  • trovafloxacin

Consumer Credit Service Penicillins
Penicillin was the first antibiotic discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1929. Penicillins are used to treat skin infections, dental infections, ear infections, respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, gonorrhea. Penicillins are sometimes combined with other ingredients called beta-lactamase inhibitors, which protect the penicillin from bacterial enzymes that may destroy it before it can do its work.

Center Credit Family Service Penicillins are usually very safe. The greatest risk is an allergic reaction, which can be severe. People who have been allergic to cephalosporins are likely to be allergic to penicillins.

Credit Reporting Service Penicillins block the construction of bacteria cell walls, causing the walls to break down, and eventually killing the bacteria.

Cca Credit Division Service The most commonly-prescribed penicillins:


  • amoxicillin

  • ampicillin

  • bacampicillin

  • oxacillin

  • penicillin

Credit Free Report Service Tetracyclines
Tetracyclines are a family of antibiotics used to treat a broad spectrum of bacterial infections. Tetracyclines were discovered in the late 1940s and were extremely popular when they were first discovered. The tetracycline antibiotics have a very broad spectrum of action.

Card Credit Customer Discover Tetracyclines are used to treat mild acne, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Lyme Disease, upper respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, sexually transmitted diseases, typhus.

Credit Repair Report Service The most commonly-prescribed tetracyclines:


  • tetracycline

  • doxycycline

  • minocycline

Credit Legal Repair Service Antibiotic resistance
Antibiotics are extremely important in medicine, but unfortunately bacteria are capable of developing resistance to them. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are germs that are not killed by commonly used antibiotics. When bacteria are exposed to the same antibiotics over and over, the bacteria can change and are no longer affected by the drug.

Cic Credit Monitoring Service Bacteria have number of ways how they become antibiotic-resistant. For example, they possess an internal mechanism of changing their structure so the antibiotic no longer works, they develop ways to inactivate or neutralize the antibiotic. Also bacteria can transfer the genes coding for antibiotic resistance between them, making it possible for bacteria never exposed to an antibiotic to acquire resistance from those which have. The problem of antibiotic resistance is worsened when antibiotics are used to treat disorders in which they have no efficacy (e.g. antibiotics are not effective against infections caused by viruses), and when they are used widely as prophylaxis rather than treatment.

Ccs Credit Division Service Resistance to antibiotics poses a serious and growing problem, because some infectious diseases are becoming more difficult to treat. Resistant bacteria do not respond to the antibiotics and continue to cause infection. Some of these resistant bacteria can be treated with more powerful medicines, but there some infections that are difficult to cure even with new or experimental drugs.

Credit Service Union Worker To read more about Antibiotics please visit the author's website.

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Card Chase Credit Customer Yury Bayarski is the author of OriginalDrugs.com - website, offering patches and natural health products.

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