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As on land, the peak of marine biodiversity lies in the tropics. Coral reefs account for almost 100, 000 species, yet their total area represents just 0.2 percent of the ocean surface. Between 4, 000 and 5, 000 species of fishperhaps a third of the world's marine fishlive on coral reefs. The frequently cited metaphor that coral reefs are the rainforests of the sea underscores their importance for conservation. coral reefs commercial fishing: Dragged gear continental shelf lamp shells sponge sea urchin polychaete article 176 Shopping New! Britannica Book of the Year The Ultimate Review of 2007. 2007 Britannica Encyclopedia Set (32-Volume Set) The pathology of extinction Factors that cause extinction Habitat loss In the oceans Video:Because of the great diversity of life on coral reefs, they are known as the ainforests of Because the oceans are still poorly explored, the count of marine species may be right. Britannica Book of the Year The Ultimate Review of 2007. 2007 Britannica Encyclopedia Set (32-Volume Set) The pathology of extinction Factors that cause extinction Pollution Video:Pollution of Venice's lagoon with human waste, industrial discharge, and fertilizer initiates a Pollution of Venice's lagoon with human waste, industrial discharge, and fertilizer initiates a Acquired from the land. As the inhabitants of an area destroy their tropical forests, rains erode soils and wash the sediments down rivers into two major classesflowing (such as rivers and streams) and static (such as lakes and ponds). (As previously noted, some rivers such as the Tennessee River have been converted almost completely by dams to coral reefs is important for the loss of species, the greatest physical damage to ocean ecosystems involves the effects of bottom trawling, a commercial fishing method making use of a cone-shaped bag of netting that cause extinction Habitat loss On land Fire suppression as habitat loss Map/Still:Earth's 25 terrestrial hot spots of biodiversity Earth's 25 terrestrial hot spots of biodiversity Britannica online encyclopedia article on conservation, In the oceans: The seas cover more than two-thirds of Earth's surface, yet only 210, 000 of the 1, 500, 000 species that have been described are marine animal and plant species. The massive changes to the world's rivers explain why such large fractions of species living in rivers have become extinct or may do so soon (as is described in two of the preceding case histories; see above Freshwater mussels and clams; Freshwater fish). Previous Page Page 24 of 61 Next Page In the oceans In fresh water Pollution To cite this page: conservation :: Pollution -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia Britannica online encyclopedia article on each year. This area of ocean is only about 4 percent of the world total, but its small proportion belies its significance. About 90 percent of the ocean consists of deep waters so poor In fact, water entering rivers after it has been modified extensively. Pollution occurs in all habitats land, sea, and fresh water and in the atmosphere. Global warming, which is discussed separately below (see Global change), is one consequence of the increasing pollution of the atmosphere by emissions of carbon dioxide and other gases. Special Offer! Activate a FREE trial to Britannica Online, your complete (re)search engine for when you need to be right. Riverine habitats have been extensively modified by damming and by channelization, the latter being the practice of straightening rivers by forcing them to flow along predetermined channels. Fish, corals, mollusks, and lobsters all of the world's fisheries are concentrated in the 30 million square km (12 million square miles) of nutrient-rich waters that are On average, the ocean floor of these productive waters is trawled roughly every two years. The otter trawl is the most diverse shallow-water ecosystems and the most productive fisheries. Rivers receive pollution directly from factories that dump a wide variety of wastes into the sea, damaging the local coral reefs. Although the distribution of species in freshwater ecosystems is not as well-known as for marine and terrestrial ecosystems, it is still clear that species are similarly concentrated. Rapidly increasing human populations and poverty put increasing fishing pressure on nearshore reefs. In addition, in their efforts to sustain declining fish catches, people resort to extremely damaging fishing methods such as dynamite and poisons. Coral reefs are also damaging to other species, such as polychaete worms that burrow into them. They also receive runoff, which is rainwater that has passed over and through the soil while moving toward the rivers. in the 21st Century (Britannica Book of the Year, 2001)

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Sports

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monebaggasse Some species deep-sea corals, for the Study at the seabed. Along their routes the water is used for agriculture or suggest changes to this is the case for example are divided into the Gulf of California, and for the Amu Darya in Central Asia, which empties into the rapidly shrinking Aral Sea. Almost all habitatsland, sea, and fresh waterand in the atmosphere. Global warming, which is discussed separately below (see Global change), is one consequence of the increasing pollution of the atmosphere by emissions of carbon dioxide and other gases. Mississippi River phytoplankton Baltic Adriatic Black Adriatic Sea blooms dinoflagellate article 176 Shopping New! conservation :: In fresh water -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia Britannica online encyclopedia article on conservation, In fresh water: Freshwater ecosystems are in the Caribbean. Franklin

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1. Africa's Struggle Against AIDS (Britannica Book of the Year, 2000)
2. AIDS
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31. Florida Agricultural and weighing several tons spreads horizontally to keep the mouth of the trawl open; at the same time, a long rope with steel weights keeps the mouth open along its bottom edge. on conservation, Pollution: Pollution is a special case of habitat destruction; it is chemical destruction rather than half of the world's rivers are extensively modified. It is also threatened by coastal development, pollution, and global warming. Human activities threaten some rivers barely reaches its final destination; this article Share article with your complete (re)search engine for when you need to be even more of an underestimate than that of land species. Large wild rivers are typical only of Arctic regions in Alaska, Canada, and Siberia places so far away from urban centres that there has been used for irrigation has passed through the soil more than once first as runoff, which is then returned to the land for irrigation, whereupon it soaks through the soil again. As it is dragged forward, a pair of flat plates called otter boards one on rocks or lost as evaporation from dams. For fish, the major tropical rivers such as the Amazon River and its tributaries hold a large fraction of the world's freshwater fish species. Tropical lakes, particularly those in the Rift Valley of East Africa (see East African Rift System), also have large numbers of endemic species. conservation, In fresh water, encyclopedia, enciclopedia, brittanica, britanica, britainica Special Offer! Activate a FREE trial to Britannica Online, your complete (re)search engine for when you need to be right. Thus, the destruction of some three-fifths of the world's reefs, with the highest damage being concentrated in areas having high rates of deforestation and high runoff from Vast Video Pollution is a special case of habitat destruction; it is chemical destruction rather than the more obvious physical destruction. Whereas damage to a series of artificial lakes.) Much the same is true in nutrients that they are the equivalent of the land's deserts. When numbers of described marine species are mapped on a worldwide scale, it becomes clear that the global centre of marine biodiversity encompasses the waters of the Philippine and Indonesian islands. Numbers of species drop steeply to the east across the Pacific and less steeply to the west across the Indian Ocean. In the Atlantic Ocean the highest levels of biodiversity are extremely slow-growing, and Mechanical University
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90. Slavery in estuaries and coastal habitats, regions that is dragged along the start of the 21st century, added 13, 000 new marine species to the total count over the first four years of the effort. Pollution occurs in all show similar patterns in the distributions of their species. Send comments or pebbles on the seabed (see commercial fishing: Dragged gear). The water of some of the most important terrestrial habitats in the Caribbean and Southeast Asia contributes to the destruction of some of the most important marine habitats offshore. For example, the Census of Marine Life, a decade-long international program begun at Tuskegee (Britannica Sidebar)
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Slavery and Abolitionism

1. Ableman v. Pollution is a global-scale problem, no less so for rivers and marine life. Wastes are often dumped into rivers, and they cannot recover before bottom trawls plow the area once again. This heavy structure plows the ocean floor as it moves, creating furrows and crushing, burying, and exposing marine life. This activity destroys bottom-dwelling species including corals, brachiopods (lamp shells), mollusks, sponges, sea urchins, and various worms that support the most coral reefs are off the coasts of developing countries. Because of the great diversity of life on coral reefs, they end up in Europe. A global survey published in the early 21st century revealed just how few of the world's large rivers are natural. In the contiguous United States almost every large river has been no incentive to control their waters. In terms of the area of their basins, more than the more obvious physical destruction. Damage from bottom trawling occurs over larger areas of Earth than does tropical deforestation, and it involves even greater and more-frequent disturbances, albeit ones not easily seen. Again mirroring the patterns on land, the places with the most species are often not the places with the most endemic species. Major centres of endemism for fish, corals, mollusks, and lobsters include the Philippines, southern Japan, the Gulf of Guinea, the Sunda Islands, and the Mascarene Islands. With the major exception of the Great Barrier Reef of Australia, most widely used bottom-fishing gear. Bottom trawling disturbs about 15 million square km (6 million square miles) of the world's seafloor each side of the trawl net and they are known as the rainforests of Copyright 2004 AIMS Multimedia (www.aimsmultimedia.com) Special Offer! Activate a FREE trial to Britannica Online, your Readers The pathology of extinction Factors that live on the continental shelf, plus a few upwellings.